| Immunomodulatory mechanism :
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Anti-inflammatory (supressess NF-kb p65 activity, prostaglandin E2, degrades ikb, inhibits GSK (glycogen synthase kinase)-3β, inos, COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β); Antioxidant (activates GST, HO-1, SOD, upregulates Nrf2); Antibacterial ( inhibits biofilm formation , downregulates virulance factors like pyocyanin, elastase); Cardioprotective (suppresses MMP-1 activation, VEGF expression, upregulates connexin 43, COX-2, prostacyclin, P13K/Akt pathway, downregulates MMP-9 inhibits angiotensin -converting enzyme, enos inactivation); Neuroprotective (inhibits H2S/BDNF/Nrf2 pathway, regulates GSK-3β pathway, upregulates sappα (soluble amyloid precursor protein α)); Anti-cancer (inhibits MMP-9/7/2, β-catenin, Rac-1, Rho kinase-1, LIMK1-cofilin-1 pathway, p21 activated kinase -1, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, downregulates chemokine ligand 2 release, Bcl-2, CD33, activates p53/p21 signaling pathway, SAPK/JNK pathway, caspase-3/9/10, upregulates p21, p53 protein and mrna expression, p38, Bax, Bad acetylation of H3 and H4 (histone 4), CDKN1A, Ca2+ levels, ROS, CD11b)
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