| Immunomodulatory mechanism :
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Anti-diabetic (increased ATP levels, GSIS (glucose stimulated insulin secretion), regulates regeneration of β cell, activates Janus kinase 2/STAT3 pathway, upregulates IDE expression, downregulated cerebral amyloid β peptides); Anti-Alzheimer (downregulated TNF-α, IL-1β, BACE1, inhibited iκb (kappa B), NF-κb, suppresses RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) signaling pathway, cerebral amyloid β accumulation, upregulated ADAM10, phosphorylates STAT3 (signal transducer and activator transcriptor 3), Janus kinase 2, Akt308, GSK-3β, Akt 473); Anti-Parkinson (downregulates Bax, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, mir-21 (microrna-21), α-synuclein expression, upregulated Bcl-2, tyrosine hydroxylase positive neuron, LAMP-2A (lysosome-associated membrane protein)); Hepatoprotective (inhibits AST, ALT, CYP450 2E1, TGF-β1/Smad signaling, upregulates GSH transferase, GSH, cuzn-SOD, GSH-Px, SOD (superoxide dismutase), pparα, downregulates MDA (malondialdehyde); Anti-inflammatory (downregulates TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1, IL-6, IL-2, phosphorylated JNK expression, TLR4, T helper 17 cell cytokine, prostaglandin E2, upregulates TGF-β1, IL-4); Antioxidant (upregulates HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) expression, nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2, activates P13K, enhances P13K/Akt signaling pathway); Anti-tumor (upregulates caspase 3,8,9, Bax, p21, p53, fasl, Fas, TIMP-1,2, iκb-α, downregulates MMP-2,9, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, HIAP-1,2, COX-2, inos, NF-κb, inactivates PI3K/AKT, JNK signaling pathways)
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