| Immunomodulatory mechanism :
|
Antioxidant (reduced ROS production, inhibit production of ages (advanced glycation end products), xanthine oxidase, NO production, increases CAT, SOD, elevates HO-1 levels via Nrf2 pathway, activates PI3K/Akt pathway); Antidiabetic (inhibits Aldose reductase, (AR), acetylcholine (ach), downregulates TGF-β1); Anti-inflammatory (downregulates inos, IL-6, IL-8, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, SCR, BUN, inhibit VCAM-1, ICAM-1 through JNK signaling pathway, inhibits Mac-1, p38 MAPK CYP2E1, TLR4, activates PPAR γ); Neuroprotective (downregulates NF-κb, NLRP3 inflammasone, upregulates Ddc, Pppp1r1b gene expression); Cardioprotective (Endothelin receptor antagonist, inactivates ERK1/2, JNK, reduced cyclin D1 expression, increase VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), PDGF (platelet derived growth factor), HIF-1α mrna); Anti-fibrosis (inhibits excessive collagen accumulation, TGF-β/Smad signal transduction, MMP-2, MMP-9, regulates mmps/timps pathway); Anti-apoptotic (increases Bcl-2 expression, reduced Bax, GFAP, cytochrome c, Caspase-3, tbid (BH3 death agonist), JNK expression); Anti-platelet (inhibit thrombin, arachidonic acid (AA), ADP (adenosine diphosphate),collagen, reduce P-selectin expression)
|
