| Immunomodulatory mechanism :
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Bone health (inhibit hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl coa (HMG-coa) reductase, modulate ALP, OPG (osteoprotegerin)/RANKL (receptor activator for nuclear factor κ-B ligand) mrna expression, increased proliferation of osteoblastin by upregulating BMP-2 expression through phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt, c-Fos/c-Jun and AP-1-dependent signalling pathways, downregulates HMG-coa, NF-κb and ERK expression); Anti-inflammatory (stimulates TNF-α/IFN-γ and increases RANTES (restrain the production of regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted), downregulates IL-6, IL-8, inos, Nrf2); Anti-cancer (inhibits β-catenin pathway, G1 phase arrest, increased p53, bax, fas, caspase, mir-126 expression); Metabolic syndrome(upregulates AMPK expression, downregulates pparγ expression, HMG-coa reductase, upregulates pparα, NO metabolite production, in diabetic downregulates glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase); Antioxidant (decreased glutathione (GSH), hepatic SOD, GSH peroxidase, catalase, reduced protein glycation, activates Nrf2 pathway, reduced lipid peroxidation, nitrite, elevated TNF-α level); Protects against genetic damage (increase DNA repair, reduce damage and breakage to DNA caused by chemicals or medicines: H2O2); Neuroprotective (upregulates malondialdehyde, NO level, neurotrophic factor, camkii (calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) autophosphorylation, downregulates GSH reductase, TNF-α, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), acetylcholinesterase expression, reduced seizures).
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