| Immunomodulatory mechanism :
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Antioxidant (inhibits hydroxyl free radicals, DNA strand breakage via SIN-1 pathway, peroxyl radicals, activates P13K/Akt, MAPK pathways, upregulates SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), glutathione, regulates Nrf-2 pathway, downregulates galvinoxyl radicals, malondialdehyde ); Apoptosis (activates LATS1/2, downregulates YAP expression, downregulates Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, upregulates Bad, Bax, NDPK (nucleoside diphophate kinase)); Anti-photoaging (downregulates Raf-kinase, MMP-9, COX-2, phophorylation of MEK and ERK, inhibits JNK signaling pathway, NF-kb pathway, AP-1 (activator protein-1); Anti-cancer (downregulates MEK, MKK4, Akt, JNK1 kinases, MMP-9, MMP-14, VEGF, MMP-2, VEGFR2, inhibits JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway, STAT3 phosphorylation, upregulates CYP1A1, G2/M phase cell cycle (arrest via increase of GADD45β, 14-3-3σ and decrease of cyclin dependent kinase cdc, cyclin B1)); Anti-inflammatory (inhibits NF-kb activation, IL-8, IL-6, MMP-3, COX-2, inos, PGE2, AKT, ERK-1/2, p38, TNF-α, IL-1β, csrc signaling); Anti-diabetic (inhibits α-Amy (alpha-amylase), α-Gls (alpha-glucosidase), CDK5-p66Shc signaling, ERS); Neuroprotective (inhibits ache (acetylcholinestrase), NO, TNF-α, upregulates brdu (5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine)/neun (neuron nuclei), BDNF (brain-derived neurotropic factor), mtorc1, TH (tyrosine hydroxylase), 6-OHDA (6-hydroxydopamine), downregulates ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone))
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