| Immunomodulatory mechanism :
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Antioxidant (inhibits lipid peroxidation, erectogenic enzymes, upregulates GST-M2 (glutathione S- transferase Mu 2), free radical scavenging, SOD, CAT (catalase), GSH, activates ARF/Nrf2 pathway); Anti-inflammatory (downregulates IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, inhibits NF-kb, upregulates IL-10, IL-4); Anti-cancer (upregulates Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, caspase-9, caspase-3, Bcl-xs, Bad, Bax, Mcl-1, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, inhibits AKT/ERK signaling pathway); Anti-diabetic (downregulates TLR-4, TGF-β1, IL-6, inhibits alpha-glucosidase, upregulates phosphorylation of AMPK (AMP activated protein kinase), ACC (acetyl coa carboxylase), CPT-mrna (carnithine palmitoyltransferase-1), PRAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor))
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| Description : |
P-coumaric acid is a phenolic secondary compound, the hydroxyl (-OH) group is responsible for attributing to its antioxidant property, it is a part of HCA (hydroxycinnamic acid) family. It is spread across the plant kingdom, found abundantly among the fruits, cereals, and vegetables. It is the most common isomer of coumaric acid and is formed using tyrosine and phenylalanine as precursors via shikimic pathway.
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